銆€銆€Professional football in the United States is almost wholly played by native-born American citizens, mostly very large and very strong, many of them black. It is a game of physical strength. Linemen routinely weigh more than 300 pounds. Players are valued for their weigh and muscles, for how fast they can run, and how hard they can hit each other. Football draws the biggest crowds, but the teams play only once a week, because they get so battered.

銆€銆€The 67,204 fans were in Miami for the final game of the baseball World Series. Baseball was once America's favorite game, but has lost that claim to basketball.

銆€銆€Baseball is a game that requires strength, but not hugeness. Agility, quickness, perfect vision and quick reaction are more important than pure strength. Baseball was once a purely American game, but has spread around much of the New World. In that Sunday's final, the final hit of the extra inning game was delivered by a native of Columbia. The Most Valuable Player in the game was a native of Columbia. The rosters of both teams were awash with Hispanic names, as is Miami, which now claims the World Championship is a game that may be losing popularity in America, but has gained it in much of the rest of the world. Baseball in America has taken on a strong Hispanic flavor, with a dash of Japanese added for seasoning.

銆€銆€Soccer, which many countries just call football, is the most widely enjoyed sport in the world. In soccer, which many countries just call football, the ethnic tide has been the reverse of baseball. Until recently, professional soccer in the United States has largely been an import, played by South Americans and Europeans. Now, American citizens in large numbers are finally taking up the most popular game in the world.

銆€銆€Basketball, an American invention increasingly played around the world, these days draws large crowds back home. Likewise, hockey, a game largely imported to the United States from neighboring Canada. Lacrosse, a version of which was played by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived, is also gaining a keen national following.

銆€銆€Sports of all kinds are winning support from American armchair enthusiasts from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.

銆€銆€1.Which of the following can reflect the ever-changing ethnic structure of America?

銆€銆€A.Sportsman. B.Audience. C.Both of them. D.None of them.

銆€銆€2.Who play professional football in the United States?.

銆€銆€A.Native-born American citizens.

銆€銆€B.Europeans.

銆€銆€C.South Americans.

銆€銆€D.Both B and C.

銆€銆€3.What is America's favorite game?

銆€銆€A. Baseball. B. Basketball.

銆€銆€C. Professional football. D. Soccer.

銆€銆€4.Which of the following statements about soccer is true?

銆€銆€A.In soccer and basketball, the ethnic tide is different.

銆€銆€B.Until recently, soccer becomes an important game, so many native Americans play it.

銆€銆€C.It is the most popular game in the world, so many American citizens take up it.

銆€銆€D.Although soccer is the most popular game in the world, American citizens in large numbers do not like first.

銆€銆€5.The author of the passage wants to tell us that ____.

銆€銆€A.Americans like sports and sports reveal much about the changing ethnic structure of the United States

銆€銆€B.In Washington, several games are played in one day

銆€銆€C.Americans like all kinds of games

銆€銆€D.The American games are watched by native-Americans and played by people from different countries

銆€銆€Keys to Passage 1

銆€銆€C A D B A

銆€銆€绲�(ji茅)鍚堝墠闈㈡墍璎涚殑蹇呭倷鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鍙婅В椤岀瓥鐣ラ€�(j矛n)涓€姝ュ垎鏋�2006骞�鑰冪爺澶х侗涓彁渚涚殑妯ｉ锛屽叿楂旀帉鎻¤В椤屾€濊矾鑸囩瓥鐣ユ噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄣ€�

銆€銆€Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41鈥�45, choose the most suitable one from the list A鈥擥 to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any

銆€銆€of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

銆€銆€ong before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of銆€these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41. Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

銆€銆€42. . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects, of which we know nothing.

銆€銆€43. . There were also crab顎憀ike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

銆€銆€44. . Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

銆€銆€45. .About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

銆€?銆傝窐锛� The shell gush have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

銆€銆€锛籅锛� Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

銆€?銆傝窚锛� The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

銆€?銆傝窢锛� The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.

銆€銆€锛籈锛� The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea顎憀ilies, relations of the star顎慺ishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

銆€?銆傝发锛� When an animal dies the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

銆€?銆傝伐锛� Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

銆€銆€41.銆愯В鏋愩€戦伕锛籅锛�銆傛湰椤屼富瑕侀€氶亷鍙ョ祫闂�(gu膩n)绯荤殑鐞嗚В渚嗚В绛�銆傝烦閬庣┖鏍奸柋璁€绗竴娈靛彲浠ョ湅鍑�锛屾湰娈典富瑕佽瑳杩颁簡鍙插墠鍕�(d貌ng)鐗╃殑瀛樺湪(绗竴鍙�)銆侀儴鍒嗙ó椤炵殑婊呯禃(绌烘牸鍓嶇浜屽彞锛屽彞涓璽hey have no descendants alive now鏄皪(du矛)extinct涓€瑭炵殑瑙ｉ噵)浠ュ強寰炲寲鐭�(rocks as fossils)涓垜鍊戞墍鑳界櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鐨勬暩(sh霉)鐧捐惉骞村墠灏辨鎺変簡鐨勫嫊(d貌ng)鐗╃殑绮剧⒑鍗拌(绌烘牸鍚庣涓€鍙�)鍜岀暥(d膩ng)鏅�(sh铆)鐨勫湴璨屽強姘ｅ€欑壒寰�(绌烘牸鍚庣浜屽彞)銆傜敱姝わ紝鎴戝€戝氨鐪嬪埌浜嗙┖鏍煎墠鍚庡叐鍊�(g猫)鍙ョ祫鎵€鏁樿堪鍏�(n猫i)瀹逛箣闁撶殑鐭涚浘鍜屽収(n猫i)瀹逛笂鐨勪笉瓒筹細1)鏃㈢劧宸茬稉(j墨ng)鈥滄粎绲曗€�锛屾€庝箞閭勮兘浜嗚В鏈夐棞(gu膩n)鐨勯€欎竴鍒囧憿锛熻鏄庣┖鏍煎墠鐨勫彞瀛愯垏鍏剁┖鏍兼墍鍦ㄧ殑鍙ュ瓙涔嬮枔鍏锋湁杞�(zhu菐n)鎶橀棞(gu膩n)绯�銆�2)绌烘牸鍚庣涓€鍙ヤ腑the rocks鎸囩殑鍙堟槸浠€涔堢煶闋憿锛熼渶瑕佸湪鍓嶆湁鎵€鎻愬強锛屽嵆姝ｇ⒑閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓噳(y墨ng)鍖呭惈鏈塺ock閫欏€�(g猫)瑭炪€傝兘澶犲悓鏅�(sh铆)婊胯冻閫欏叐鍊�(g猫)姊濅欢鐨勫彧鏈夐伕闋�(xi脿ng)锛籅锛�銆� 锛籄锛姐€侊蓟E锛�銆侊蓟G锛戒腑涔熸彁鍒颁簡rock锛屼絾鍦ㄥ彞闅涢棞(gu膩n)绯讳笂鑸囧墠鍚庡彞绲勪笉鐩稿惢鍚�锛屾晠涓嶆纰恒€傛墍浠ユ纰虹瓟妗堝彧鑳芥槸锛籅锛�銆�

銆€銆€42.銆愯В鏋愩€戦伕锛籉锛�銆傛枃绔犵涓€娈佃鏄庝簡鍖栫煶鏄垜鍊戠爺绌跺彶鍓嶅嫊(d貌ng)鐗╃殑涓昏渚濇摎(j霉)锛岃€屾湰娈靛墖涓昏瑾槑浜嗛€欎簺鍖栫煶鐨勫舰鎴�?锛熷喘绐堣焼鐨紑璺疯鍏媷顎斾箖顙勮阿顕款嚝闄呯獌璋熸崕璋掝啴楗旀灇顗ｇ含鍌昏喐r鐭充腑淇濆瓨涓嬩締鐨� (Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action) 鈥濅竴鍙ユ槸涓€鍊�(g猫)绲�(ji茅)璜栨€ц〃杩帮紝涔嬪墠鎳�(y墨ng)鏈夆€滄按浣滅敤褰㈡垚鐨勫窎鐭�(rocks formed by water action)鈥濋€欎竴閬庣▼鐨勭窗(x矛)绡€(ji茅)鎻忚堪銆傦蓟F锛界殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹规濂借鏄庢鍘诲嫊(d貌ng)鐗╃殑灏搁珨鏄浣曡姘村拰娉ユ矙淇濆瓨涓嬩締鐨勶紝鑸囨鎭扮浉鍚诲悎锛屾墍浠ラ伕锛籉锛姐€傛椤屾サ鏄撻尟(cu貌)閬革蓟G锛�锛屽洜?y脿n)妞嬭伐锛戒竴闁嬪灏辨湁how fossils are preserved锛屽悗闈㈠張鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜唅mpression涓€瑭�锛屽湪鐢ㄨ涓婂嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鏄庨’鐨勫京(f霉)鐝�(xi脿n)鐝�(xi脿n)璞�銆� 浣嗘槸锛籊锛藉悗闈㈣瑳鐨勬槸鍕�(d貌ng)鐗╅伜楂斾笂鐨勬湁姗�(j墨)绲勭箶鈥渙rganism鈥濆彲鑳借綁(zhu菐n)鍖栨垚鐨勫咕绋舰寮�锛岄€欒垏涓嬫枃鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹逛笉鐩稿惢鍚堬紝鏁呬笉閬革蓟G锛�銆�

銆€銆€43.銆愯В鏋愩€戦伕锛籈锛姐€傛湰椤岄伕鎿囩殑绶氱储鏈夊叐姊濓細1)绌烘牸鍚庢湁鈥淭here were also crab顎憀ike creatures...鈥�锛岃鏄庣┖鐧借檿鎳�(y墨ng)鏈夐棞(gu膩n)浜庡彟涓€椤炲嫊(d貌ng)鐗╃殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹�锛�2) 寰炴湰娈甸枊濮�锛屾枃绔犺綁(zhu菐n)鍚戣◣璜栫敱浣庣礆(j铆)鍚戦珮绱�(j铆)閫�(j矛n)鍖栦腑鐨勫嫊(d貌ng)鐗�銆傦蓟E锛介枊濮嬬殑閮ㄥ垎鏄€淭he earliest animals whose remains have been found...鈥�锛岀鍚堟枃绔犲浣滅殑闋嗗簭銆傦蓟B锛借垏涓婃枃鐩哥锛屼絾鑸囦笅鏂囦笉绗�锛屼笖鑸囧叏鏂囩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓嶇浉鍚诲悎銆�

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銆€銆€绗笁锛� 鍙互淇濇寔灏�(du矛)鑰冪爺寮忔枃绔犵殑鐔熸倝鎰熻(瑾炴劅)鐩告噳(y墨ng)鎻愰珮灏�(du矛)鏂囩珷鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)閫熷害銆�

銆€銆€绗洓锛� 鍙互閸涚厜鎴戝€戠殑缈昏鑳藉姏锛屾€庝箞妯ｇ殑绲勭箶瑾炶█浣夸箣缈昏閫氶爢銆�

銆€銆€绗簲锛� 鍙互绌嶇疮寰堝鐨勭稉(j墨ng)鍏稿彞鍨嬪拰闁冨厜瑭炵祫鐐哄壍(chu脿ng)浣滈珮鍒嗕綔鏂囧仛濂芥簴(zh菙n)鍌�銆�

銆€銆€绗叚锛� 鍦ㄧ瓟椤屾檪(sh铆)鍙互瑷�(x霉n)绶翠竴涓嬬敱鍟忛杩斿洖鍘熸枃鐨勮兘鍔�(浣嗘槸閫欐槸妯℃摤椤屾渶涓嶈冻鐨勫湴鏂�)

銆€銆€(娉細鍓嶄簲榛�(di菐n)鏄垜鍊戜綔椤屾槸鎳�(y墨ng)瑭插仛鍒扮殑)

銆€銆€2. 妯℃摤椤屼笉瓒充箣铏�

銆€銆€绗竴锛� 鍑洪榛�(di菐n)涓嶅叿鏈夎(gu墨)寰嬫€�銆傚湪鑰冪爺鐪熼珨涓ぇ閮ㄥ垎鍟忛鐨勫嚭椤岄粸(di菐n)閮芥湁涓€瀹氱殑瑕�(gu墨)寰�(浠ヤ笅绋嶄綔瑙ｉ噵)

銆€銆€绗簩锛� 瀹㈣鎬ф妸鎻′笉濂�銆傚湪鑰冪爺鐪熼涓墍鏈夐閮芥槸瀹㈣鐨勶紒灏辨槸瑾兘鏄枃绔犲憡瑷存垜鍊戜粈涔堟垜鍊戞墠鏈�(hu矛)閬镐粈涔�锛屾矑鏈変竴榛�(di菐n)鑷繁鎺ㄦ柗鐨勬剰鎬�(濡傛灉閭勬槸鑷繁涓昏鐨勬帹鏂烽偅灏辨槸鐪熼閭勬矑鏈夌爺绌舵槑鐧�)灏�(du矛)浜庣湡椤屾帹鏂烽锛屽叾涓殑infer鐨勯偅浜涙澅瑗块兘鏄綔鑰呭濂界殑(宸茬稉(j墨ng)鍛婅ù浣犱簡)锛�

銆€銆€绗笁锛� 鎵€瑷�(sh猫)鍟忛鍜岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)涓嶈珫寰炶糠鎯戞€у拰寰�(f霉)闆滅▼搴﹀叐鏂归潰渚嗚閮戒笉鍙垏鐪熼鐩告彁骞惰珫锛佹ā鎿涓嶆槸涓昏鎬уお寮�(qi谩ng)閬庝簬闆ｏ紝灏辨槸鍑洪閬庝簬绨�(ji菐n)鍠�锛�

銆€銆€绗洓锛� 鐪熼閬告搰鏂囩珷鐨勭殑鑼冨湇鏄笉鏈�(hu矛)鐗芥壇鍒�鏀挎不鐨�锛佸彲鏈夌殑妯℃摤椤岄倓鍑虹従(xi脿n)鍜屾斂娌绘湁闂�(gu膩n)鐨勬澅瑗匡紝鏄庨’鐪嬪嚭鏄嫾婀婂嚭渚嗙殑锛�

銆€銆€(娉細閫欎簺涓嶈冻涔嬭檿姝ｆ槸鎻愰珮闁辫畝鍒�?j菒n)?sh霉)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)閸�)

銆€銆€3. 绺界祼(ji茅)锛�

銆€銆€寰炰互涓婂咕榛�(di菐n)鎴戝€戝彲浠ョ湅鍑轰綔妯℃摤椤岃兘澶犳彁楂樻垜鍊戝摢浜涙柟闈紝鍜屽叾鏈韩灞€闄愮殑鏂归潰銆備綔椤岀殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊欎竴瀹氳鏈夌洰鐨勬€�锛佹瘡鍋氬畬涓€濂楅閮芥噳(y墨ng)瑭叉湁鎵€鏀剁嵅锛佷竴鍛崇殑杩芥眰浣滈鏁�(sh霉)閲忛偅灏辨槸鍦ㄦ氮璨�(f猫i)瀵惰泊鐨勬檪(sh铆)闁�锛�

銆€銆€鎵€浠ラ伕鎿囨ā鎿浉瑕佹敞鎰忎互涓嬪咕榛�(di菐n)锛�

銆€銆€(1) 鏂囩珷涓秴缍辫鍖笉瑕佸お澶�锛佺湡椤岀殑鏂囩珷鍏跺(sh铆)寰炶鍖搴︿締瑾槸寰堢啊(ji菐n)鍠殑锛佽秴缍辩殑鍠寰堝皯锛佷篃灏辨槸瑾湡椤岀殑闆ｅ害骞朵笉鍙嶆槧鍦ㄨ鍖笂锛�

銆€銆€(2) 灏�(du矛)浜庣瓟妗堣鏈夆憼鏂囩珷鐨勬暣楂斿墫鏋愰儴鍒�(灏�(du矛)鏂囩珷鐨勭附楂旀妸鎻�)鈶¤鍖敞瑙�(鍔犲挤(qi谩ng)瑾炲涓鍖殑瑷樻喍)鈶㈤洠鍙ュ垎鏋�(鎻愰珮闆ｅ彞鍒嗘瀽鑳藉姏)鈶ｇ瓟妗堣В鏋�(鏈€濂借兘瑾嚭澶ц槆鍦ㄥ師鏂囩殑鍏烽珨浣嶇疆)鈶ゅ弮鑰冭鏂�(鏈夌殑妯℃摤椤屽緢澶氬湴鏂圭炕璀緱涓嶅婧�(zh菙n)纰�)

銆€銆€(3) 鏂囩珷瑕佹湁鏅�(sh铆)鏁堟€�锛佺従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ殑鐪熼鎵€閬哥殑鏂囩珷閮芥槸杩戝咕骞翠締缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鏂归潰锛岀ぞ鏈�(hu矛)鏂归潰锛屼汉鏂囨柟闈�锛岀鎶€鏂归潰鐨勬枃绔犮€傞兘鍏锋湁鏅�(sh铆)浠ｆ€�锛�

銆€銆€涓€銆佹帉鎻℃枃绔犵殑绲勭箶绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)

銆€銆€鏂囩珷鍜屾钀藉湪闀�(zh菐ng)搴︿笂鏈夋槑椤笉鍚�锛屼絾鏄湪绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓婃槸闈炲父鐩镐技鐨�銆傛钀介€氬父鐢变竴鍊�(g猫)涓婚鍙ュ紩鍑�锛屾帴钁楁槸涓€绯诲垪瑾槑涓婚鍙ョ殑绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)锛屾渶鍚庢槸绲�(ji茅)灏惧彞銆傚悓妯�锛屾枃绔犳槸鐢辩瘒棣栨銆佷富楂旀鍜岀祼(ji茅)璜栨涓夐儴鍒嗙祫鎴�銆傚紩瑷€娈垫彮绀轰富椤岋紝姝ｆ枃閮ㄥ垎灏�(du矛)涓婚鍒嗛粸(di菐n)闂¤堪锛岀祼(ji茅)璜栨灏�(du矛)鍏ㄦ枃姝哥磵绺界祼(ji茅)銆傚悓鏅�(sh铆)锛岀劇璜栨枃绔犻倓鏄钀介兘瑕侀伒寰竴鑷存€у拰閫ｈ搏鎬х殑鍘熷墖?锛熸ⅱ鍝塮锛屾枃绔犳槸娈佃惤鐨勬摯(ku貌)灞�锛� 娈佃惤鏄枃绔犵殑绺奖銆�

銆€銆€1.绡囬娈电洰鐨勫湪浜庢彮绀轰富椤�锛屼篃灏辨槸瑾�锛屽紩鍑烘枃涓瑷庤珫鐨勬牳蹇冨晱椤�锛屽緸鑰岃捣鍒扮当(t菕ng)闋�(l菒ng)鍏ㄦ枃鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ€傞€氬父锛岀瘒棣栨鐢卞紩瑾炲彞鍜屼腑蹇冩€濇兂鍙ュ叐閮ㄥ垎绲勬垚銆傚墠鑰呯洰鐨勬槸寮曡捣璁€鑰呯殑鑸堣叮锛屽悓鏅�(sh铆)浣胯畝鑰呭皪(du矛)鏂囩珷瑕佽◣璜栫殑鍟忛鍦ㄥ績鐞嗕笂鏈夋墍婧�(zh菙n)鍌欍€傚悗鑰呭悜璁€鑰呬氦寰呰┎鏂囩殑涓婚鎴�?q奴)鎳介珎搴�?銆傜附涔�锛岀瘒棣栨鐨勪綔鐢ㄥ氨鏄娇璁€鑰呴爢鍒╁湴閫�(j矛n)鍏ユ鏂�銆�

銆€銆€2.涓婚珨娈典竴鑸敱鑻ュ共娈佃惤绲勬垚锛屽畠鍊戝緸涓嶅悓鐨勫伌(c猫)闈㈠皪(du矛)鏂囩珷鐨勪富椤屽睍闁嬭◣璜栥€傚悇娈甸棥杩扮殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰繀闋堣垏涓婚涓€鑷�锛屾湁鍔╀簬瑾槑涓績鎬濇兂锛屼絾鏄彧娑夊強涓婚鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)鏂归潰銆�

銆€銆€3.绲�(ji茅)灏炬姒傛嫭鍏ㄦ枃鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹癸紝浣胯畝鑰呭皪(du矛)鍏ㄦ枃鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)瀹屾暣銆佹竻鏅扮殑瑾�(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)銆傚畠寰€寰€浣跨敤涓嶅悓鐨勮┍閲嶆柊闂¤堪涓績鎬濇兂锛屽緸鑰岃垏绡囬娈电浉鍛兼噳(y墨ng)銆�

銆€銆€浜�銆佹帉鎻℃钀界殑绲勭箶鑸囩櫦(f膩)灞曟柟寮�

銆€銆€(涓€)娈佃惤鐨勭祫绻旂祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)

銆€銆€娈佃惤鏄嫢骞茬浉闂�(gu膩n)鍙ュ瓙鍦嶇篂涓€鍊�(g猫)涓績鎬濇兂鎴�?y脿n)妤哥_(d谩)涓€鍊�(g猫)绲�(t菕ng)涓€鐨勪富椤岃€岀祫鍚堝湪涓€璧风殑瀵綔鍠綅銆備竴鑸€岃█锛屾钀界祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勭祫绻旀湁濡備笅鍥涚ó鏂瑰紡锛�

銆€銆€1.婕旂构鍨�(general-specific)锛氬嵆娈佃惤闁嬮牠鍏堢郸涓€鍊�(g猫)General statements锛屼箣鍚庣偤Specific sentences銆傞€欑ó娈佃惤绲勭箶妯″紡鏈€鐐哄父瑕�锛岃€屼笖澶氭噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄤ簬瑾槑銆佽В閲嬮涓婚绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬枃绔犱腑銆�

銆€銆€2.鍖归厤鍨�(matching)锛氭钀界殑鐧�(f膩)灞曚富绶氱偤鍏╃ó浜嬬墿涔嬮枔鐨勯姣旓紝鍙互鏄叐绋簨鐗╁悇鑷劒(y艒u)缂洪粸(di菐n)鐨勪竴涓€灏�(du矛)鎳�(y墨ng)锛屼篃鍙互鏄厛浠嬬垂瀹屼竴鍊�(g猫)浜嬬墿锛屽啀鎺ヨ憲浠嬬垂鍙︿竴鍊�(g猫)浜嬬墿銆傞€欑ó绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)澶氱敤浜庢瘮杓冮涓婚绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬枃绔犱腑銆�

銆€銆€3.鍋囪ō(sh猫)鈥旂湡瀵�(sh铆)鍨�(hypothetical-real)锛氬嵆浣滆€呭厛鎻愬嚭涓€绋櫘閬嶈獚(r猫n)鍙垨鏌愪簺浜鸿獚(r猫n)鍙殑涓诲嫉鍜岃榛�(di菐n)锛岀劧鍚庨€�(j矛n)琛屾緞娓咃紝瑾槑鑷繁鐨勪富寮靛拰瑙€榛�(di菐n)锛屾垨鑰呰鎻愬嚭鍙嶄富寮垫垨鐪熷(sh铆)鎯呮硜銆傞€欑ó绲勭箶绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)甯歌浜庡弽椐侀涓婚绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬枃绔犱腑銆�

銆€銆€4.鍟忛鈥旇В姹哄瀷(problem-solution)锛氶鍏堥櫝杩版枃绔犺儗鏅�(situation)锛屽湪瑭茶儗鏅笅鍟忛(problem)鎻愬嚭锛岀劧鍚庣郸鍑哄晱椤岀殑瑙ｆ焙鏂规硶(solution)鎴�?q奴)蠀鎼牬}鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)(response)锛屾渶鍚庤⿻(p铆ng)浼拌┎鏂规硶(evaluation)銆傝┎妯″紡甯哥敤浜庣瀛�(xu茅)璜栨枃鍜屾柊鑱炲牨(b脿o)閬撲富椤岀祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勬枃绔犱腑銆�

銆€銆€(浜�)娈佃惤鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曟ā寮�

銆€銆€1.绛夌礆(j铆)鍨嬬櫦(f膩)灞曪細鍗虫鍏�(n猫i)鍙ラ殯闂�(gu膩n)绯讳箣闁撳瓨鍦ㄤ笅瀹氱京銆佹瘮杓冩垨?q奴)巍?銆佹椤炴垨鍒楄垑闂�(gu膩n)绯汇€�

銆€銆€2.绶氬瀷鐧�(f膩)灞曪細 1)浠ユ檪(sh铆)闁撶偤闋嗗簭锛屽父瑕嬩簬瑷樻晿鏂囷紝琛ㄧず鏅�(sh铆)鎱�(t脿i)鐨勮璨┛涓荤窔銆�

銆€銆€2)娈佃惤鍚勫彞涔嬮枔浠ュ洜鏋滈棞(gu膩n)绯荤偤涓荤窔鐧�(f膩)灞曘€�

銆€銆€3)浠ヤ簨鐗╂垨浜嬩欢鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曢亷绋嬬偤涓荤窔锛屽瑕嬩簬瑾槑鏂�銆�

銆€銆€(涓�)娈佃惤鐨勭祫鎴�

銆€銆€娈佃惤涓€鑸敱涓婚鍙ユ垨閬庢浮鍙ャ€佹摯(ku貌)灞曞彞銆佺窗(x矛)绡€(ji茅)鍙ョ祫鎴愩€備富椤屽彞鏄钀界殑闈堥瓊锛屾槸鐐烘暣绡囨枃绔犵殑涓績鏈嶅嫏(w霉)鐨�锛屽洜姝ゆ瘡鍊�(g猫)娈佃惤瑕佷箞鏈夎嚜宸辩殑涓婚鍙�锛岃涔堟湰韬矑鏈変富椤屽彞锛屼絾瀹冩槸鐐轰笂鏂囨垨涓嬫枃鐨勪富椤屽彞鏈嶅嫏(w霉)鐨�锛屼互琛ㄦ槑鏂囩珷鐨勫ぇ鎰�锛涢亷娓″彞鍦ㄦ枃绔犱腑璧锋壙涓婂暉涓嬬殑浣滅敤锛屼竴鑸湁闋嗘帴闂�(gu膩n)绯�(灏�(du矛)涓婃枃鍏�(n猫i)瀹圭殑绻肩簩(x霉)鍜岀櫦(f膩)灞�)鍜岃綁(zhu菐n)鎶橀棞(gu膩n)绯�(琛ㄧず浣滆€呰綁(zhu菐n)璁婃晿杩版垨琛ㄩ仈(d谩)瑙掑害)锛涙摯(ku貌)灞曞彞鏄敤鍏烽珨鐨勪簨瀵�(sh铆)鍘绘摯(ku貌)灞曘€佽瓑鏄庢垨鏀寔鍓嶉潰涓婚鍙ョ殑鍙ュ瓙锛涚窗(x矛)绡€(ji茅)鍙ョ殑瀛樺湪褰㈠紡鍜屾摯(ku貌)灞曞彞鐩镐技锛屽彧鏄畠鏄偤鍚庨潰鐨勪富椤屽彞鏈嶅嫏(w霉)鐨�銆�

銆€銆€娈佃惤鏄枃绔犵殑绲勬垚閮ㄥ垎锛屽畠寰炴煇涓€鏂归潰闂¤堪銆佽鏄庢暣绡囨枃绔犵殑涓婚銆傚ソ鐨勬钀芥噳(y墨ng)娓呮櫚鍦�銆佹湁姊濈悊鍦�銆佹湁渚濇摎(j霉)鍦拌〃杩颁竴鍊�(g猫)涓績鎬濇兂銆傚叿楂斾締瑾�锛屽ソ鐨勬钀藉叿鍌欎互涓嬩笁鍊�(g猫)瑕佺礌锛�

銆€銆€1.涓績绐佸嚭

銆€銆€娈佃惤涓績绐佸嚭鏈�(hu矛)绲﹁畝鑰呬竴鐩簡鐒剁殑鎰熻锛屽惁鍓囧氨鏈�(hu矛)椤緱闆滀簜鐒＄珷銆傜獊鍑烘钀戒腑蹇冪殑涓€鍊�(g猫)閲嶈鎵嬫灏辨槸涓婚鍙�銆備富椤屽彞閫氬父缃簬娈佃惤涔嬮锛岄€欑鍚�鑻辫獮鐨勮獮绡囨€濈董鐗瑰緛锛屽厛閲囩敤涓婚鍙ラ枊闁€瑕嬪北鍦�?c谩i)[鍑哄晱椤�锛岄毃涔嬭紨浠ョ窗(x矛)瑾�銆傚叾浣滅敤鏄究浜庤畝鑰呰繀閫熸妸鎻′富椤�锛屾姄浣忔钀界殑涓績鎬濇兂銆傜暥(d膩ng)鐒�锛屼篃鏈夋钀戒富椤屽彞瑷�(sh猫)鍦ㄦ灏撅紝鐩哥暥(d膩ng)浜庡皪(du矛)涓婃枃鐨勭附绲�(ji茅)锛岃€冪敓鎳�(y墨ng)瑭茶兘澶犺鲸鏄�銆�

銆€銆€2.鎬濇兂涓婁繚鎸佷竴鑷�(unity)

銆€銆€涓婚鍙ョ⒑绔嬪悗锛岄倓瑕佹敞鎰忚鏄�銆佽В閲嬩富椤屽彞鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹规槸鍚﹁垏涓婚鐩哥?锛熷倞顓侯儹绮嬧偓(g猫)娈佃惤鍙兘鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)涓績锛屾钀戒腑鎵€鏈夊収(n猫i)瀹归兘蹇呴爤鍦嶇篂閫欎竴涓績灞曢枊銆�

銆€銆€3.鍏�(n猫i)瀹逛笂閫ｈ搏(coherence)

銆€銆€閫ｈ搏鐨勬钀界祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)娓呮櫚锛岄倧杓€у挤(qi谩ng)锛岄亷娓¤嚜鐒�锛屼娇璁€鑰呭鏄撹窡涓婁綔鑰呯殑鎬濊矾鍘荤悊瑙ｅ叾鎰忓湒銆�

銆€銆€鐣�(d膩ng)鐒�锛屽仛闁辫畝鐞嗚ВPart B閮ㄥ垎鏅�(sh铆)閭勮鑰冩叜娈甸殯闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽嵆娈佃惤鑸囨钀戒箣闁撶殑闂�(gu膩n)绯汇€傛闅涢棞(gu膩n)绯诲彲鑳芥槸闋嗘帴闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆佽綁(zhu菐n)鎶橀棞(gu膩n)绯汇€佷緥璀夐棞(gu膩n)绯绘垨?q奴)巍鎵癱灏�(du矛)鐓ч棞(gu膩n)绯�銆傛闅涢棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑鐞嗚В鏄悊瑙ｉ亷娓″彞浣跨敤鐨勫墠鎻愭浠躲€傞倓鏈変竴绋壒娈婄殑娈甸殯闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽嵆閬庢浮闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛屽叐鍊�(g猫)娈佃惤涔嬮枔鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)閬庢浮娈佃捣鎵夸笂鍟熶笅鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ€�

銆€銆€銆€涓�銆佷簡瑙ｅ父瑕嬬殑鍙ラ殯闂�(gu膩n)绯诲強瑾炵瘒妯�(bi膩o)璀�(sh铆)瑭�

銆€銆€鍙ラ殯闂�(gu膩n)绯讳富瑕佹槸鑰冨療绌虹櫧铏曡垏鍓嶅悗鍙ュ瓙涔嬮枔鐨勯倧杓棞(gu膩n)绯�銆傚彞瀛愯垏鍙ュ瓙涔嬮枔鐨勯棞(gu膩n)绯诲彲鑳芥槸椤€х殑锛屼篃鍙兘鏄毐鎬х殑銆傞’鎬х殑鍙ラ殯闂�(gu膩n)绯绘湁鏄庨’鐨勬(bi膩o)蹇楄鍑虹従(xi脿n)锛岄€欐渻(hu矛)绲﹁€冪敓鐞嗚В鏂囩珷鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞曡剤绲�(lu貌)甯朵締寰堝ぇ鏂逛究銆傚彞闅涢棞(gu膩n)绯讳富瑕佹湁浠ヤ笅骞剧ó锛�

銆€銆€1.闋嗘帴闂�(gu膩n)绯�(闋嗘壙闂�(gu膩n)绯绘垨骞跺垪闂�(gu膩n)绯�)锛氬悗鍙ユ槸鍓嶅彞鐨勫欢绾�(x霉)鎴栬(b菙)鍏咃紝妯�(bi膩o)璀�(sh铆)瑭炰富瑕佹湁then, after that, furthermore, also, when(this happens)绛�銆�2.杞�(zhu菐n)鎶橀棞(gu膩n)绯伙細鍓嶅悗鍏╁彞鎰忔€濈浉鍙�锛屾(bi膩o)璀�(sh铆)瑭為€氬父鏈塨ut, however, nevertheless, (al)though, in fact绛夈€�3.渚嬭瓑闂�(gu膩n)绯伙細鍗宠珫鎿�(j霉)灏�(du矛)浜庤珫榛�(di菐n)鐨勮珫璀夐棞(gu膩n)绯�銆傚吀鍨嬫(bi膩o)璀�(sh铆)瑭炴槸for example, for instance锛� take...as an example绛�銆�4.鍥犳灉闂�(gu膩n)绯伙細鍓嶅洜鍚庢灉锛屾垨鍓嶆灉鍚庡洜?锛熻怠鑹归湀F(xi脿n)鐨勬(bi膩o)璀�(sh铆)瑭炴湁for, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, therefore, accordingly绛夈€�5.灏�(du矛)姣斻€佸皪(du矛)鐓ч棞(gu膩n)绯伙細灏�(du矛)姣旈棞(gu膩n)绯昏鏄庡墠鍚庡収(n猫i)瀹圭殑鐩稿悓涔嬭檿锛屽彲鑳藉嚭鐝�(xi脿n)similarly, like绛夋(bi膩o)蹇楄锛涘皪(du矛)鐓ч棞(gu膩n)绯诲墖瑾槑鍓嶅悗鍏�(n猫i)瀹圭殑涓嶅悓涔嬭檿锛屾(bi膩o)璀�(sh铆)瑭為€氬父鏈塧s a contrast, on the contrary, on the one hand...on the other hand绛�銆�

銆€銆€鍥�銆佺悊瑙ｆ枃绔犱腑瑭炲尟鐨勮獮缇╃壒寰佷笂鏂囨彁鍒颁簡寰炴暣楂旀妸鎻℃枃绔犵殑鍛借剤銆傚彟澶�锛屾枃绔犱腑鐨勬煇浜涢棞(gu膩n)閸佃涔熻兘鐐鸿€冪敓鎻愪緵绶氱储銆傚湪閬告搰鏅�(sh铆)锛岀洝閲忓線閫欎簺闂�(gu膩n)閸佃涓娾€滈潬鈥�锛屽彲浠ラ伩鍏嶉洟椤屽お閬�(yu菐n)銆備互涓嬩笁椤炶鐨勪綔鐢ㄤ笉瀹瑰拷瑕栵細(涓€)鍚嶈琛ㄤ富椤屻€€When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn鈥檛 biting her nails just yet. But the 47顎憏ear顎憃ld manicurist isn鈥檛 cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she鈥檇 like to, either. Most of her clients spend 锛�12 to 锛�50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. 鈥淚鈥檓 a good economic indicator鈥�, she says. 鈥淚 provide a service that people can do without when they鈥檙e concerned about saving some dollars.鈥� So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle顎慴row Dillard鈥檚 department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,鈥漵he says.鏂囦腑鐨勯€欎簺鍚嶈鐐鸿€冪敓鎻愪緵浜嗕竴姊濅富绶�锛屽嵆浣挎矑瀹屽叏璁€鎳傦紝浣嗛€氶亷閫欎簺鍚嶈鑰冪敓涔熷彲浠ョ⒑瀹氶€欐槸涓€绡囪垏缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鏈夐棞(gu膩n)鐨勬枃绔�锛屾瘡鍙ヨ┍閮芥矑闆㈤枊閫欏€�(g猫)涓婚?锛熸ⅱ鏍絆(sh猫)鎯充竴涓�锛屽鏋滄妸鍏朵腑鐨勪换浣曚竴鍙ュ埅鍘�锛岀劧鍚庤畵鑰冪敓閬告搰鍚庤(b菙)涓�锛屽湪閬靛惊浠モ€滅稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鈥濈偤绶氱储鐨勫墠鎻愪笅閮芥槸寰堝鏄撹В姹虹殑銆備篃灏辨槸瑾€欎簺鍚嶈琛ㄦ槑浜嗛€欑瘒鏂囩珷鐨勪富椤�銆�

銆€銆€(浜�)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炶〃璁婂寲All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid顎�1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America鈥檚 industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炴槸鍚勭ó璁婂寲鏈€鏄庨’鐨勯珨鐝�(xi脿n)锛屽畠鍙互琛ㄦ槑鏂囦腑鎵€杩版儏娉佺殑璁婂寲銆佷綔鑰呮厠(t脿i)搴︾殑璁婂寲浠ュ強鎯呮劅鐨勮畩鍖栫瓑銆傛湰娈垫枃瀛椾腑锛屽厛涓嶇湅鍏跺畠鏂囧瓧锛屽彧鐪嬮€欎簺闂�(gu膩n)閸电殑鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炩€渃aused鈥�銆佲€渟topped鈥�銆佲€渂egan to believe鈥�銆佲€渂egin to fall鈥�銆佲€渄ecline鈥濆氨鍙互琛ㄦ槑閫欐槸涓€绋敱濂藉埌澹炴垨鐢卞鍒板ソ鐨勮畩鍖栵紝鍐嶇祼(ji茅)鍚堝叾浠栭儴鍒嗗彲浠ユ洿鍔犺偗瀹氶€欎竴榛�(di菐n)锛屽洜?y脿n)妲查椆鍏搭娀绋ｎ惓椤稰(gu膩n)浜庣編鍦�(gu贸)缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)寮曠櫦(f膩)鐨勪竴鍫�(ch菐ng)淇′换鍗辨(j墨)锛屼互鍙婇€欏牬(ch菐ng)鍗辨(j墨)绲︿汉鍊戝付渚嗙殑鎯呮劅鍙婄稉(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)鏂归潰鐨勮畩鍖�銆�

銆€銆€(涓�)褰㈠瑭炶〃鎱�(t脿i)搴ven before Alan Greenspan鈥檚 admission that America鈥檚 red顎慼ot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year鈥檚 pace. But don鈥檛 sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy鈥檚 long顎憈erm prospects even as they do some modest belt顎憈ightening.鍦ㄩ柋璁€鐞嗚ВPart A閮ㄥ垎缍�(j墨ng)甯告渻(hu矛)閬囧埌琛ㄦ槑浣滆€呮厠(t脿i)搴︾殑椤岋紝鍚屾ǎ锛屽湪Part B閮ㄥ垎濡傛灉鑳芥槑纰烘妸鎻′綔鑰呯殑鎱�(t脿i)搴﹀皪(du矛)瑙ｉ涔熸槸寰堥棞(gu膩n)閸电殑锛岃€屽舰瀹硅鏄渶鑳介珨鐝�(xi脿n)浣滆€呮厠(t脿i)搴︾殑闂�(gu膩n)閸佃銆備互姝ゆ鐐轰緥锛屽墠鍗婇儴鍒嗛兘鏄棞(gu膩n)浜庣編鍦�(gu贸)缍�(j墨ng)婵�(j矛)涓嶆櫙姘ｇ殑鎻忚堪锛屽鏋滃彧鐪嬪埌閫欎簺锛屼竴瀹氭渻(hu矛)瑾�(r猫n)鐐轰笅鏂囦篃鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉槸涓€浜涙秷妤垫柟闈㈢殑鎻忚堪銆備絾鍏跺(sh铆)鏈鐨勯棞(gu膩n)閸靛湪鍚庨潰锛屾秷璨�(f猫i)鑰呯殑鈥渙nly mildly concerned鈥濆拰鈥渘ot panicked鈥濅互鍙婃渶鏄庨’鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)褰㈠瑭炩€渙ptimistic鈥濋兘鑸囧墠闈㈢殑鎯呮硜褰㈡垚楫槑鐨勫皪(du矛)姣�锛岃〃鏄庝簡浣滆€呯殑鎱�(t脿i)搴︺€傚鏋滃湪姝ゆ鍚庤ō(sh猫)椤岄€�(j矛n)琛岄伕鎿�锛岃€冪敓灏变笉寰椾笉鑰冩叜閫欎簺鍥犵礌浜�銆�

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